Summary of Strategies

1.

Making the apology statement

• Making the apologizing statement (all exercises)

• Using appropriate apologizing expressions according to the interlocutor and the situation (Ex. 1, 2, 9, 10, all others)

2.

Abiding by the cultural norms for apologizing

• Using an appropriate number of apology expressions (Ex. 1, 2, 9, 10)

• Using the overlapping concepts and expressions of apology and thanks (Ex. 3)

• Presenting an appropriate reason in an appropriate manner(Ex. 9, 10)

3.

Using an appropriate level of politeness throughout the interaction (Ex. 2, 4, 5, 9)

4.

Using an appropriate intensifier (Ex. 6, 9)

5.

Using the past tense of certain apology expressions to conclude the interaction (Ex. 9)

6.

Using strategies of apologizing

• Making an apologizing statement (all exercise)

• Providing a reason (Ex. 1, 7, 9.10)

• Acknowledging responsibility (Ex. 7)

• Offering a repair (Ex. 7, 9, 10)

• Showing consideration for the hearer (Ex. 7, 10)

• Using an expression of dismay (Ex. 7, extras)

• Promising non-recurrence (Ex. 1, 7)

• Communicating a lack of intention to cause the infraction (Ex. 9)

7.

Using an appropriate tone of voice

• Speaking hesitantly in formal apologies (Ex. 1, 8)

• Leaving sentences incomplete (Ex. 8)

• Using intensifiers and pronouncing them emphatically (Ex. 6, 8, 9)

• Using appropriate eye-contact and bows in formal apologies (Ex. 8)

1.

Finding an informant (a native or non-native expert of the culture) who can answer your questions regarding sociolinguistic or sociocultural norms in the target language/culture.

2.

Listening to other speakers carefully to observe the cultural norms and language of their speech. Making your own hypotheses or hunches regarding appropriate use of the target language and being willing to renew them as necessary.

3.

Finding resources that can inform you of the target language and culture.